Pre-Grant Publication Number: 20090062967
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Prior Art Detail
Summary / Description
| Summary / Description | An article relating to off-peak electrical use and water heaters. |
Basic Information
| Type of Prior Art | Print Publication |
| Publication Title * | Journal of Solar Energy Engineering |
| Author | A. H. Fanney, B. P. Dougherty |
| ISBN | |
| Page Range | |
| Medium | Journal article |
| Publication Date * | May 1996 |
| URL | |
Notes / To Do
| Notes | Submitted for Manny Schecter, by Diane Willis. |
Excerpt
Excerpt An increasing number of utilities control the supply of power to residential water heaters as one means of reducing peak electrical demand. Water heaters operated in this manner are referred to as off-peak water heaters.
In order to postpone the building of additional power plants, electric utilities are pursuing ways to limit peak power demand. .....Interrupting the power input to the water heater, however, remains the leading method for reducing the demand caused by residential hot water needs. Electric water heaters operated in this manner are typically classified as off-peak water heaters.
The use of water heaters to manage electrical load is not a recent innovation. Detroit Edison, for example, first used water heaters as a load management tool in 1934 (Hastings, 1980). Utility-sponsored programs to limit and delay the operation of electric water heaters during peak demand periods continue because the demand reduction can be substantial.
Electric utilities have used a number of technologies for controlling the load imposed by an electric storage water heater. The utility may directly control the power input to the water heater or attempt to limit the electrical demand imposed by water heaters through voluntary (incentive-type) controls. One example of voluntary control is when the utility informs the consumer that it is experiencing a peak load condition, and consequently, energy consumed during this time interval will be more expensive than energy consumed during off-peak conditions. A second method is to actively control when power is supplied to the water heater.
Active control of the power input to water heaters is accomplished through the use of clock-actuated switches..... |
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